Scientists tinkering with commonly used battery materials have come up with a way of tweaking their microstructures to improve energy density. The work points the way to electric vehicles that can travel farther on each charge, with the scientists hopeful further experiments can boost the performance even further.

The work was carried out by scientists at the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology and focuses on one of the battery's two electrodes, called the cathode. In many lithium-ion batteries, this electrode is made of layered transition metal oxides known as NMCs that are rich in nickel and made up of octahedron-shaped particles.

This means that when two of these particles come together, there are inevitably empty spaces at the boundaries as none will fit together seamlessly. The scientists were able to alter the configuration of two common NMCs by tweaking the synthesis procedure, carefully integrating inert salt to promote the formation of spherical particles over octahedron-shaped ones.

“Our material is a single-crystal NMC with spherical particles, combining the best of both worlds as far as maximizing density goes,” explained study co-author Aleksandra Savina. Unlike polycrystals, the powder particles don’t have internal structure, so there are no wasted spaces at grain boundaries. But on top of that, you can also pack more spherically shaped single crystals into the same limited volume than octahedron-shaped ones, so you get more density on that account, too.”